Critical Thinking Textbooks: 1972-1998

Acock. Informal Logic Examples. Wadsworth Publishers, 1985.

Activities to Promote Critical Thinking. Urbana, Ill.: National Council of Teachers of English, 1986.

Adler, J. (1998a). Comments of Columb’s "Disciplinary Secrets." ICT.

Adler, J. (1998b). Comments on David Perkins’ "Knowledge as Design." ICT.

Adler, J. (1998c). On the use of "Criteria" in critical thinking. ICT.

Aebersold, JoAnn. Critical Thinking, Critical Choices: An Integrated Curriculum in English for Academic Purposes. vol. I-Reading & Writing, Prentice-Hall, 1984.

Aebersold, JoAnn. Critical Thinking, Critical Choices: Listening & Speaking, Bk. 2. Prentice-Hall, 1985.

Algina, James and Sue M. Legg. Cognitive Assessment of Language and Math Outcomes. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Corp., 1990.

Analysis and Communication at Alverno: An Approach to Critical Thinking. Milwaukee: Alverno Productions, 1984.

Anderson, Bob. Acid Rain: Locating the Author's Main Idea. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1994.

Aulger, Sam V. Logical Thinking. Calton, 1985.

Bailin, Sharon. Achieving Extraordinary Ends: An Essay of Creativity. Kluwer-Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1998.

Baker, Paul J. Social Problems: A Critical Thinking Approach. Belmont, Ca.: Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1987.

Bandman, Elsie L. and Bertram Bandman. Critical Thinking in Nursing. Norwalk, Conn.: Appleton & Lange,1988.

Bar-Levav, Reuven. Thinking in the Shadow of Feelings: A New Understanding of the Hidden Forces that Shape Individuals and Societies. 1st Touchstone ed. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.

Barker, Evelyn M. Everyday Reasoning. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981.

Baron, Joan and Robert Sternberg. Teaching Thinking Skills: Theory and Practice. W. H. Freeman Co., New York, NY, 1987.

Barry, Vincent. Good Reason for Writing. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1983.

Barry, Vincent. Invitation to Critical Thinking. New York, 1984.

Barry, Vincent E. and Joel Rudinow. Invitation to Critical Thinking. 2nd ed. Fort Worth, Tx.: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1989.

Chapters are devoted to being misled by advertising, television, and the news, to detecting bias, and to writing an argumentative essay in this introductory college text.

Barry, Vincent. Practical Logic. 2nd Edition. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980.

Baum, Robert. Logic. 2nd ED. New York, 1981.

A conventional but helpful college textbook presentation of syllogistic, propositional, and quantification logic that treats inductive reasoning with special care and also has a chapter on informal fallacies.

Beardsley, Monroe C. Thinking Straight. 2nd ED. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1950.

A non-technical textbook focusing on reasoning in natural language - its possibilities and pitfalls - that introduces the tree-diagraming technique of portraying structure for natural-language arguments, a technique now widely used by informal logicians.

Bedell, Gary. Philosophizing with Socrates: An Introduction to the Study of Philosophy. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1980.

Bender David L. American Values: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1989.

Bernards, Neal and Terry O'Neill. Male/Female Roles: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1989.

Berthoff, A. (1981). A Curious Triangle and the Double-entry Notebook; or, How Theory Can Help Us Teach Reading and Writing. The making of Meaning (pp. 41-60). Boynton Cook.

Beyer, Barry K. Critical Thinking. Bloomington: Phi Delta       Kappa Educational Foundation, 1995.

Beyer, B. K. (1989). Hints for Improving the Teaching of Thinking in Our Schools. ICT Resource Publication.

Blair, J. Anthony and Ralph H. Johnson, eds. Informal Logic (First International Symposium). Edgepress, Point Reyes, CA, 1980.

Boyer, E. L. (1987). Specialization: The Enriched Major. College: The Undergraduate Experience in America. (pp. 102-115). New York: Harper & Row.

Brookfield, Stephen. Developing Critical Thinkers: Challenging Adults to Explore Alternative Ways of Thinking and Acting. 1st Ed., 1987.

Browne, M. Neil, and Stuart M. Keeley. Asking the Right Questions. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981.

Browne, M. Neil, and Stuart M. Keeley. Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1986.

Brudney, Kent M. Critical Thinking & American Government. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College, 1997.

Capaldi, Nicholas. The Art of Deception. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, Inc., 1979.

Capella, L. M., and Robin, D. P. (1986). Critical Thinking is important to marketing students. 28-29.

Carey, Stephen S. Introduction to Argument Analysis: A Critical Thinking Handbook. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., 1988.

Carney, James D., and Richard K. Scheer. Fundamentals of Logic. 3rd Edition. New York: Macmillan, 1980.

Cederblom, Jerry, and David W. Paulsen. Critical Reasoning. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1982.

Chase, Stuart. Guides to Straight Thinking. New York, 1956.

An entertaining discussion of thirteen common fallacies, and related topics like political propaganda.

Chomsky, Noam. Modular Approaches to the Study of the Mind. San Diego State University Press, 1984.

Cogan, Robert. Critical Thinking; Step by Step. Lanham: University Press of America, 1998.

Colomb, G. G. (1988). Disciplinary "Secrets" and the Apprentice Writer: The Lessons for Critical Thinking. ICT presentation.

Connell, Richard J. Logical Analysis. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing, 1981.

Copi, Irving M. Informal Logic. Macmillan, 1986.

Copi, Irving M. Introduction to Logic. 6th Edition. New York: Macmillan, 1982.

Costa, A. L. (1981). Teaching For, Of, and About Thinking. In A. L. Costa (ed.), Developing Minds (pp.20-23).

Costa, A. L. (1981). Teaching for Intelligent Behavior. California State University, Sacremento.

Costa, Arthur L. Techniques for Teaching Thinking. Pacific Grove, CA: Midwest, 1989.

Costello, Patrick J. Liberating Children's Minds; Education,Citizenship & Critical Thinking. Bristol: Taylor & Francis, 1998.

Critical Thinking: Educational Imperative. San Fransico: Jossey-Bass, 1992.

Crossley, David J., and Peter A. Wilson How to Argue. New York: Random House, 1979.

Cwirko-Godycki, Dr. Jerzy T., and Dr. Janina E. Karczmarczyk. Visual Logic Conjunction. Pacific Grove, California, 1982.

Uses pattern- and color-recognition exercises to teach conjunction as a truth-functional connective in natural language for grades 1-3.

Cwirko-Godycki, Dr. Jerzy T., and Dr. Janina E. Karczmarczyk. Visual Logic Disjunction. Pacific Grove, California, 1982.

Uses pattern- and color-recognition exercises to teach disjunction as a truth-functional connective in natural language for grades 1-3.

Cwirko-Godycki, Dr. Jerzy T., and Dr. Janina E. Karczmarczyk. Visual Logic Negation. Pacific Grove, California, 1982.

Uses pattern- and color-recognition exercises to teach negation as a truth-functional operator in natural language for grades 1-3.

Cwirko-Godycki, Dr. Jerzy T., and Dr. Janina E. Karczmarczyk. Visual Logic-Three Connectives. Pacific Grove, California, 1982.

Uses pattern- and color-recognition exercises to teach propositional logic connectives in natural language for grades 1-3.

Damer, T. Edward. Attacking Faulty Reasoning. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1980.

D'Angelo, Edward. The Teaching of Critical Thinking. Amsterdam, 1971.

Dauer, Francis Watanabe. Critical Thinking: An Introduction to Reasoning. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

De Bono, Edward. Lateral Thinking. New York, 1970.

De Bono, Deward. Teaching Thinking. London, 1976.

Deese, James Earle. Thought into speech. Prentice-Hall, 1984.

Dessi, Paola, (ed.) and Richard Whately. The Elements of Logic, by Richard Whately. Bologna Clueb, 1988.

DeLorenzo, L. C. (1987). Critical Thinking: A Perspective for Music Educators. Tempo.

Dewey, J. (1933). What is Thinking? How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educative process. Lexington, MA, D. C. Heath.

Dispezio, Michael. Challenging Critical Thinking Puzzles. New York: Sterling, 1998.

Dowden, Bradley Harris. Logical Reasoning. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993.

Dudley, William. Japan, Opposing Veiwpoints. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1989.

Dundas, K., & Rowe, J. (1987). Provincetown Elementary School: A Place for Thinking. Provincetown, MA: Metamorphis Press.

Eemeren, Frans H. van, and R. Grootendorst & T. Kruiger The Study of Argumentation. New York: Irvington Publishers, 1982.

Engel. S. Morris. Analyzing Informal Fallacies. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980.

Engel, S. Morris. With Good Reason. 2nd Edition. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982.

Ennis, R. H. (1987). A Taxonomy of Critical Thinking Dispositions and Abilities. In J. B. Baron, & R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Teaching Critical Thinking Skills: Theory and Practice. (pp. 9-26). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.

Epstein. Critical Thinking. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1998.

Facione, Peter A. Critical Thinking; What It Is & Why It Counts. 3rd Edition, Rev., Millbrae: Claifornia Academic Press, 1996.

Facione, Peter A., and Donald Scherer. Logic and Logical Thinking: A Modular Approach. OxBow, 1984.

Fahnestock, Jeanne, and Marie Secor. A Rhetoric of Argument. New York: Random House, 1982.

Falmagne, R. J. (1980). The Development of Logical Competence: A Psycholinguistic Perspective. In R. H. Kluwe, & H. Spada (Ed.), Developmental Models of Thinking (pp. 171-197). New York: Academic Press.

Fearnside, W. Ward. About Thinking. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980.

Fisher, Alec. The Logic of Real Arguments. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Florence, Namulundah. A Critical Analysis of Bell Hooks' Engaged   Pedagogy; A Transgressive Education for the Development of Critical Consciousness. Westport: Greenwood Publishing     Group, 1998.

Fogelin, Robert J. Understanding Arguments. New York, 1978.

An informal logic text for college students that is subtle in its analytic material and very well informaed by recent analytic philosophy.

Fogelin, Robert J. Understanding Arguments: An Introduction to Informal Logic. 2nd Edition. Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1982.

Forsberg, Geraldine E. Critical Thinking in an Image World: Alfred Korzybski's Theoretical Principles Extended to Critical Television Evaluation. Lanham: University Press of America, 1993.

Fostering Critical Thinking. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1980.

Freeley, Austin J. Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making. 6th ed. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1986.

Freire, P. (1985). The Process of Political Literacy. In P. Freire (Ed.), The Politics of Education (pp. 99-107). Massachusetts: Bergin and Garvey.

Geertz, C. (1973). Thick Description: Toward an Interpretative Theory of Culture. In C. Geertz (Ed.), The Interpretation of Cultures (pp. 3-30). New York: Basic Books.

Geertz, C. (1983). Blurred Genres: The Refiguration of Social Thought. Local Knowledge (pp. 19-35). New York: Basic Books.

Geertz, C. (1983). The Way We Think Now: Toward an Ethnography of Modern Thought. Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretative Anthropology ((pp. 147-163). New York: Basic Books.

The Generalizability of Critical Thinking: Multiple Perspectives on an Educational Ideal. New York: Teachers College Press, 1992.

Giere, Ronald N. Understanding Scientific Reasoning. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979.

Gilbert, Michael. How to Win an Argument. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979.

Glaser, Edward M. An Experiment in the Development of Critical Thinking. AMS Press, New York, NY, reprint of 1941 edition.

Golden, James L., (ed.) and Pilotta, Joseph J., (ed.). Practical Reasoning in Human Affairs: Studies in Honor of Chaim Perelman. Dordrecht Reidel 1986.

Govier, Trudy. A Practical Study of Argument. Belmont, 1985.

This informal logic college text has material from traditional class and modern symbolic logic. Argument analysis proceeds on the basis of acceptability of premises, and their relevance and adequacy reasoning by analogy.

Grant, Grace E. Teaching Critical Thinking. New York: Praeger, 1988.

Gray, William D. Thinking Critically About New Age Ideas. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1990.

Grennan, Wayne. Informal Logic; Issues & Techniques. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1997.

Grinols, Anne B. ed. Critical Thinking: Reading Across the Curriculum. Cornell University Press, 1984.

Groake, Leo, and Christopher Tindale. Informal Logic. Wyndham Hall, 1985.

Gula, Robert J. Nonsense. New York: Stein and Day, 1979.

Hacking, Ian. A Concise Introduction To Logic. New York: Random House, 1972.

Halpern, Diane F. Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1984.

Harnadek, Anita. Critical Thinking. Pacific Grove, CA: Midwest, 1976.

Hatcher, Donald, and L. Anne Spencer. Reasoning and Writing: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1993. 2nd Edition, American Press, 2000.

Hill, P. J. Communities of Learners: Curriculum as the Infrastructure of Academic Communities. In Opposition to Core Curriculum (pp. 107-133). Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1982.

Hitchcock, David. Critical Thinking: A Guide to Evaluating Information. Toronto: Methuen, 1983.

Hoaglund, John. Critical Thinking: An Introduction to Informal Logic. Newport News, VA: ValePress, 1984.

Hollis, Martin. The Cunning of Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

House, Ernest R. The Logic of Evaluative Argument. Los Angeles: Centre for the Study of Evaluation, 1977.

Inch, Edward S. Critical Thinking in Communication; The Use of Reason in Argument: Solutions Manual with Test Bank. 3rd Edition, Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon, 1998.

Inhelder, Barbel, and Jean Piaget. The Early Growth of Logic in the Child. New York and Evanston, 1964.

Johnson, David W. Academic Controversy; Enriching College          Instruction Through Instructional Conflict. Washington: George Washington University, Graduate School of Education & Human Development, 1997.

Johnson, Ralph H. The Rise of Informal Logic; Essays on Argumentation, Critical Thinking, Reasoning & Culture. Newport News: Vale Press, 1996.

Johnson, Ralph H., and J. Anthony Blair. Logical Self-Defense. 2nd Edition. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1983.

Kahane, Howard. Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric. 3rd Edition. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1980.

Kegley, Charles W., and Jacquelyn Kegley. Introduction to Logic. Columbus: Merrill, 1978.

Kirwan, C. Logic and Argument. London, Duckworth, 1978.

Kolb, D. A. Learning Styles and Disciplinary Differences. The Modern American College (pp. 232-255). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Kurfiss, Joanne Gainen. Critical Thinking: Theory, Research, Practice, and Possibilities. College Station, TX: Assoc. for the Study of Higher Education, 1988.

Kytle, Ray. Clear Thinking for Composition. 4th Edition. New York: Random House, 1982.

LaGuardia, Dolores. American Voices: Multicultural Literacy and Critical Thinking. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co., 1993.

Lindsey, Crawford. Teaching Students to Teach Themselves. New York: Nichols Publishing, 1988.

Lipman, Matthew. Ethical Inquiry. Upper Montclair, N. J., 1977.

Lipman, Matthew. Harry Stottlemeier's Discovery. Upper Montclair, 1982.

A work of fiction for grades 5 and 6 depicting Harry and his companions in the classroom, at play, and in their homes, where they turn up the kinds of logical and conceptual problems philosophy is adept at dealing with.

Lipman, Matthew. Lisa. Upper Montclair, N. J., 1976.

Lipman, Matthew. Mark. Upper Montclair, N. J., 1980.

Lipman, M. (1987). Some Thoughts on the Foundations of Reflective Education. Teaching Thinking Skills (pp. 151-161). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.

Lipman, Matthew. Philosophy in the Classroom. Upper Monclair, N. J., 1977.

Lipman, Matthew. Social Inquiry. Upper Montclair, N. J., 1980.

Lipman, Matthew, Ann M. Sharp, and Frederick S. Oscanyan. Philosophical Inquiry. Lanham, Maryland, 1979.

Little, J. Frederick. Critical Thinking and Decision Making. Toronto: Butterworth, 1980.

Loftus, Elizabeth F. Eyewitness Testimony. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1979.

Machina, Kenton. Basic Applied Logic. Glenview, ILL: Scott, Foresman, 1982.

Maimon, Elaine P., Barbara F. Nodine, and Finbarr W. O'Connor. Thinking, Reasoning, and Writing. New York: Longman, 1989.

Manlove, Colin N. Critical Thinking: A Guide to Interpreting Literary Texts. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.

McDonald, Daniel. The Language of Argument. 4th Edition. New York: Harper & Row, 1983.

McPeck, John E. Teaching Critical Thinking: Dialogue and Dialectic. New York: Routledge, 1990.

McWhorter, Kathleen T. Study and Thinking Skills in College. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1988.

Mechanic, Janevive Jean. The Logic of Decision Making: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. New York: Lang, 1988.

Meehan, Eugene J. The Thinking Game: A Guide to Effective Study. Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House, 1988.

Mezirow, Jack. Fostering Critical Reflection in Adulthood: A Guide to Transformative and Emancipatory Learning. 1st ed. 1990.

McDonald, Daniel. The Language of Argument. 4th Edition. New York: Harper & Row, 1983.

Michalos, Alex C. Improving Your Reasoning. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall 1986.

Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty. AHM Publishing Corp., Arlington Heights, IL, 1947.

Mills, Glen Earl. Reason in Controversy; An Introduction to General Argumentation. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1964.

Missimer, Connie A. Good Arguments: An Introduction to Critical Thinking. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1990.

Monroe, Rick. Writing and Thinking with Computers: A Practical Guide and Progressive Approach. 1993.

Moore. Patterns of Inductive Reasoning; Developing Critical Thinking Skills. 4th Ed., Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt, 1997.

Moore, Brooke Noel, and Richard Parker. Critical Thinking: Evaluating Claims and Arguments in Everyday Life. Palo Alto, CA.: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1986.

Moore, Brook Noel, and Richard Parker. Critical Thinking: Evaluating Claims and Arguments in Everyday Life. 2nd ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1989.

Munson, Ronald. The Way of Words: An Informal Logic. Boston, 1976.

This college text stresses language use as much as argument analysis, and also contains an intriguing chapter on the logic of puzzles.

Narveson, Eric J. The Historical Process; Critical Thinking & Historical Methodolgy. Scotts Valley: B E K, 1998.

Newkirk, Thomas. Critical Thinking and Writing: Reclaiming the Essay. Bloomington, Ind.: ERIC Clearinghouse, 1989.

Nolt, John. Informal Logic: Possible Worlds and Imagination. New York, 1984.

A college text that advocates imagining possible worlds where premises are true and conclusions false in order to assess the strength of an argument.

Nosich, Gerald M. Reasons and Arguments. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1982.

Numrich, Carol. Face the Issues: Intermediate Listening and Critical Thinking Skills. New York: Longman, 1990.

Organ, Troy Wilson. The Art of Critical Thinking. Boston, 1965.

O'Sullivan, Carol. The Death Penalty: Identifying Propaganda Techniques. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1989.

Parr, Kate, ed. An Informal Logic Workbook. Windsor, 1981.

Paul, Richard. Critical Thinking Handbook: k-3, A Guide for Remodelling Lesson Plans in Language Arts, Social Studies, & Science. 1987.

Perelman, C., and L. Olbechts-Tyteca. The New Rhetoric. Notre Dame, 1969.

Pospesel, Howard. Introduction to Logic, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, 1984.

Presseisen, Barbara Z. At-Risk Students and Thinking: Perspectives from Research. Washington, D.C.: National Education Association, 1988.

Pritchard, Michael S. Philosophical Adventures with Children. Lanham: University Press of America, 1985.

Quine, W.V. and J. S. Ullian. The Web of Belief. 2nd Edition. New York: Random House, 1978.

Resnick, Lauren. Education and Learning to Think. National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1987.

Rosenberg, Vivian M. and F.G. Gabelnick. Reading, Writing, and Thinking: Critical Connections. New York: Random House, 1989.

Ruby, Lionel. The Art of Making Sense. Philadelphia, 1974.

A college text emphasizing problem solving and the formation, examination, and testing of hypotheses.

Ruggiero, Vincent Ryan. The Art of Thinking. New York: Harper & Row Pubs., Inc., 1984.

Ruggiero, Vincent Ryan. The Art of Thinking: A Guide to Critical and Creative Thought. 3rd ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1990.

Ruggiero, Vincent Ryan. Teaching Thinking Across the Curriculum. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.

Ruggiero, Vincent Ryan. Enter the Dialogue. Belmont, CA.: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1985.

Ruggiero, Vincent Ryan. A Guide to Critical Thinking. Palo Alto, CA.: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1984.

Salmon, MerriLee H. Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984.

Salmon, MerrieLee H. Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking. 2nd ed. Chicago: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.

Salmon, Wesley C., ed. Logic. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984.

Schagun, M., and W. Rapaport. Logic: A Computer Approach. New York: McGraw, 1985.

Schleffler, Israel. Reason and Teaching. Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis, IN, 1973.

Schwartz, Thomas. The Art of Logical Reasoning. New York: Random House, 1980.

A college-level text that stresses reconstructing natural language arguments in deductive form for the purpose of evaluation.

Scriven, Michael. Evaluation Thesaurus. Point Reyes, CA, Edge Press, 1991.

Scriven, Michael. Reasoning. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1977.

Sheinker, Jan and Alan Sheinker. Metacognitive Approach to Study Strategies. Rockville, Md.: Aspen Publishers, 1989.

Siegel, Harvey. Educating Reason: Rationality, Critical Thinking, & Education. Routledge Chapman and Hall, Inc., New York, NY, 1988.

Siegel, Marjorie Gail and Robert F. Carey. Critical Thinking: A Semiotic Perspective. Bloomingotn, Ind.: ERIC Clearinghouse, 1989.

Sproule, J. Michael. Argument: Language and its Influence. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.

Sternglass, Marilyn S. The Presence of Thought: Introspective Accounts of Reading and Writing. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Corp., 1988.

Strawson, P. F. Introduction to Logical Theory. London, 1966.

A valuable guide. Chapter one on "Logical Appraisal" is specially suggestive for logical relations in natural language, but the informal logician will find useful analysis and perspectives throughout.

Sumner, William G. Folkways. Ayer Co., Publishing, Salem, NH, 1979.

The Writer's Mind: Writing as a Mode of Thinking. Urbana, Ill.: National Council of Teachers of English, 1983.

Thinking, Reasoning, and Writing. New York: Longman, 1989.

Thinking, Writing: Fostering Critical Thinking Through Writing. New York: Harper Collins, 1992.

Thomas, Stephen B. Practical Reasoning in Natural Language. 2nd Edition. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981.

A widely used college text employing tree diagrams for analyzing arguments in natural language and a new way of relating premises to each other in such arguments.

Toulmin, Stephen Edelston. The Uses of Argument. Cambridge, 1958.

A pioneering theoretical work in informal logic challenging the view that formal logic is adapted or useful for analyzing arguments in natural language. Proposes to analyze them instead by laying them out in pattern of claims, data, and warrants.

Toulmin, Stephen, and Richard Rieke, and Allan Janik. An Introduction to Reasoning. New York: Macmillan, 1979.

A college-level informal logic text using a general pattern for all arguments. Tends in general to take legal reasoning as a model, but devotes attention to arguments in science, ethics the arts and management.

Van den Brink-Budgen, Roy. Critical Thinking for Students; How to Use Your Recommended Texts on a College or University Course. Philadelphia: Trans-Atlantic Publications, 1996.

Vedung, Evert. Political Reasoning. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982.

Waller, Bruce N. Critical Thinking: Consider the Verdict.     Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1988.

Walton, Doulas. Historical Foundations of Informal Logic. Brookfield: Ashgate Publishing, 1997.

Weddle, Perry. Argument: A Guide to Critical Thinking. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1978.

A college textbook emphasizing fallacies and generalization. The treatments of the appeal to authority and the use of statistics are specially good.

Weddle, Perry. Fact From Opinion. Informal Logic. 7: 19-26, Winter 1985.

Werkmeister, W. H. An Introduction to Critical Thinking: A Beginner's Text in Logic. Rev. ed. Lincoln Neb., Johnsen Pub. Co., 1957.

Whimbey, Arthur and Jack Lockhead. Problem Solving and Comprehension. Philadelphia, 1979.

Wilkinson, Judith M. Nursing Process in Action: A Critical Thinking Approach. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley Nursing, 1992

Wilson, Arnold. Getting into an Argument. Informal Logic. 7: 63-64, Winter 1985.

Wilson, Barrie A. The Anatomy of Argument. Lanham: The University Press of America, 1980.

Wilson, Richard. Logic; Deductive, Inductive & Informal Reasoning. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing, 1996.

Woods, John, and Douglas Walton. Argument: The Logic of the Fallacies. Toronto, 1982.

Wright, Larry. Better Reasoning: Techniques for Handling Argument, Evidence and Abstraction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winson, 1982.

Wright, Richard, and Ken Tohinaka. Logical Thinking: An Integrated Introduction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984.

Many of the early entries in this bibliography are taken from Ralph Johnson and J. Anthony Blair's work in the Informal Logic Newsletter. vol. v, no. 3. July, 1983.

Zucker, Jack. Critical Thinking; an anthology for composition. New York: Macmillian, 1969.