Ion

Ion

By Plato

Written 380 B.C.E

Translated by Benjamin Jowett

Persons of the Dialogue=
SOCRATES
ION

Socrates. Welcome, Ion. Are you from your native city of Ephesus?

Ion. No, Socrates; bu= t from Epidaurus, where I attended the festival of Asclepius.

Soc. And do the Epid= aurians have contests of rhapsodes at = the festival?

Ion. O yes; and of all sorts of musical performers.

Soc. And were you one of the competitors-= and did you succeed?

Ion. I obtained the first prize of all, Socrates.

Soc. Well done; and I hope that you will = do the same for us at the Panathenaea= .

Ion. And I will, please heaven.

Soc. I often envy the profession of a rhapsode, Ion; for you have always t= o wear fine clothes, and to look as beautiful as you can is a par= t of your art. Then, again, you are obliged to be continually in the company of many good poets; and especially of Homer, who is the best and most divine of them; and to understand him, and not merely learn his words by rote, is a thing greatly to be envied. = And no man can be a rhapsode who does= not understand the meaning of the poet. For the rhapsode ought to interpret the mind of the poet to his hearers, bu= t how can he interpret him well unless he knows what he means? A= ll this is greatly to be envied.

Ion. Very true, Socrates; interpretation has certainly been the most laborious part of my art; and I believe myself able to speak about Homer better than any man; and that neither Metrodorus of Lampsacus, nor Stesimbrotus of Thasos, nor Glaucon, nor any one else who ev= er was, had as good ideas about Homer as I have, or as many. =

Soc. I am glad to hear you say so, Ion; I= see that you will not refuse to acquaint me with them.

Ion. Certainly, Socrates; and you really ought to hear how exquisitely I render Homer. I think that the Homeridae shou= ld give me a golden crown.

Soc. I shall take an opportunity of heari= ng your embellishments of him at some other time. But just no= w I should like to ask you a question: Does your art extend to Hesiod and Archilochus, or to Homer only? =

Ion. To Homer only; he is in himself quit= e enough.

Soc. Are there any things about which Hom= er and Hesiod agree?

Ion. Yes; in my opinion there are a good = many.

Soc. And can you interpret better what Ho= mer says, or what Hesiod says, about these matters in which th= ey agree?

Ion. I can interpret them equally well, Socrates, where they agree.

Soc. But what about matters in which they= do not agree?- for example, about divination, of which both H= omer and Hesiod have something to say-

Ion. Very true:

Soc. Would you or a good prophet be a better interpreter of what these two poets say about divination, not only when they agree, but when they disagree?

Ion. A prophet.

Soc. And if you were a prophet, would you= be able to interpret them when they disagree as well as when = they agree?

Ion. Clearly.

Soc. But how did you come to have this sk= ill about Homer only, and not about Hesiod or the other poets?= Does not Homer speak of the same themes which all other poets h= andle? Is not war his great argument? and does he not speak of human society and of intercourse of men, good = and bad, skilled and unskilled, and of the gods conversing with one another and with mankind, and about what happens in heaven and in the= world below, and the generations of gods and heroes? Are not the= se the themes of which Homer sings?

Ion. Very true, Socrates.

Soc. And do not the other poets sing of t= he same?

Ion. Yes, Socrates; b= ut not in the same way as Homer.

Soc. What, in a worse way? <= /a>

Ion. Yes, in a far worse.

Soc. And Homer in a b= etter way?

Ion. He is incomparably better.

Soc. And yet surely, my dear friend Ion, = in a discussion about arithmetic, where many people are speaking, and one = speaks better than the rest, there is somebody who can judge whic= h of them is the good speaker?

Ion. Yes.

Soc. And he who judges of the good will <= span class=3DGramE>be the same as he who judges of the b= ad speakers?

Ion. The same.=

Soc. And he will be the arithmetician?

Ion. Yes.

Soc. Well, and in discussions about the wholesomeness of food, when many persons are speaking, an= d one speaks better than the rest, will he who recognizes the b= etter speaker be a different person from him who recognizes the worse, or the same?

Ion. Clearly the same= .

Soc. And who is he, and what is his name?=

Ion. The physician.

Soc. And speaking generally, in all discu= ssions in which the subject is the same and many men are speakin= g, will not he who knows the good know the bad speaker also?= For if he does not know the bad, neither will he know the goo= d when the same topic is being discussed.

Ion. True.

Soc. Is not the same person skilful in both?

Ion. Yes.

Soc. And you say that Homer and the other poets, such as Hesiod and Archilochu= s, speak of the same things, although not in the same way; b= ut the one speaks well and the other not so well?

Ion. Yes; and I am right in saying so.

Soc. And if you knew the good speaker, you would also know the inferior speakers to be inferior?

Ion. That is true.

Soc. Then, my dear friend, can I be mista= ken in saying that Ion is equally skilled in Homer and in other = poets, since he himself acknowledges that the same person will b= e a good judge of all those who speak of the same things; and= that almost all poets do speak of the same things?

Ion. Why then, Socrates, do I lose attent= ion and go to sleep and have absolutely no ideas of the least value, when any one speaks of any other poet; but when Ho= mer is mentioned, I wake up at once and am all attention and have plenty to say?

Soc. The reason, my friend, is obvious. N= o one can fail to see that you speak of Homer without any art or knowledge. If you were able to speak of him by rules of a= rt, you would have been able to speak of all other poets; for poetry is a whole.

Ion. Yes.

Soc. And when any one acquires any other = art as a whole, the same may be said of them. Would you like me = to explain my meaning, Ion?

Ion. Yes, indeed, Socrates; I very much w= ish that you would: for I love to hear you wise men talk.

Soc. O that we were wise, Ion, and that you could truly call us so; but you rhapsodes and actors, and the po= ets whose verses you sing, are wise; whereas I am a common man, who only speak the truth. For consider what a very commonplace and trivial thing is this which I have said- a thing which any man might say: that when a man has acquired a knowledge of a whole art, the enquiry into good and bad is one and the= same. Let us consider this matter; is not the art of painting a= whole?

Ion. Yes.

Soc. And there are and have been many pai= nters good and bad?

Ion. Yes.

Soc. And did you ever know any one who was skilful in pointing out the excellences and defects of Polygnotus the son of Aglaophon<= /span>, but incapable of criticizing other painters; and when the= work of any other painter was produced, went to sleep and was = at a loss, and had no ideas; but when he had to give his opini= on about Polygnotus, or whoever the painter might be, and about him only, woke up and was attentive and had plenty to say?

Ion. No indeed, I have never known such a= person.

Soc. Or did you ever know of any one in sculpture, who was skilful in expounding the merits of Daedalus the son of Metion, or of Epeius the son of Panopeus, or of Theodorus the Samian= , or of any individual sculptor; but when the works of scul= ptors in general were produced, was at a loss and went to sleep= and had nothing to say?

Ion. No indeed; no more than the other.

Soc. And if I am not mistaken, you never = met with any one among flute-players or harp- players or sing= ers to the harp or rhapsodes who was= able to discourse of Olympus or Thamyras or Orpheus, or= Phemius the rh= apsode of Ithaca, but was at a loss when he came to speak of Ion of Ephesus, and had no notion of his merits or defects?

Ion. I cannot deny what you say, Socrates. Nevertheless I am conscious in my own self, and the world agrees with me in thinking that I do = speak better and have more to say about Homer than any other man. But I do not speak equally well about others- tell me the reason of this.

Soc. I perceive, Ion; and I will proceed = to explain to you what I imagine to be the reason of this. T= he gift which you possess of speaking excellently about Home= r is not an art, but, as I was just saying, an inspiration; th= ere is a divinity moving you, like that contained in the stone w= hich Euripides calls a magnet, but which is commonly known as = the stone of Heraclea<= /st1:City>. This stone not only attracts iron rings, but also imparts= to them a similar power of attracting other rings; and sometimes you may see a number of pieces of iron and rings suspended from one another so as to form quite a long chain: and all of them derive the= ir power of suspension from the original stone. In like mann= er the Muse first of all inspires men herself; and from these in= spired persons a chain of other persons is suspended, who take t= he inspiration. For all good poets, epic as well as lyric, compose their beautiful poems not by art, but because they are inspired and possessed. And as the Corybant= ian revellers when they dance are= not in their right mind, so the lyric poets are not in their rig= ht mind when they are composing their beautiful strains: but when falling under the power of music and metre they are inspired and possessed; like Bac= chic maidens who draw milk and honey from the rivers when they are under the influence of Dionysus but not when they are in their rig= ht mind. And the soul of the lyric poet does the same, as th= ey themselves say; for they tell us that they bring songs fr= om honeyed fountains, culling them out of the gardens and de= lls of the Muses; they, like the bees, winging their way from fl= ower to flower. And this is true. For the poet is a light and = winged and holy thing, and there is no invention in him until he has been inspired and is out of his senses, and the mind is no longer in him: when he has not attained to this state, he is powerless and is unable to utter his oracles.

Many are the noble words in which poets speak concerning the actions of men; but like yourself when speaking about Homer, they do= not speak of them by any rules of art: they are simply inspir= ed to utter that to which the Muse impels them, and that only; = and when inspired, one of them will make dithyrambs, another = hymns of praise, another choral strains, another epic or iambic verses- and he who is good at one is not good any other k= ind of verse: for not by art does the poet sing, but by power divine. Had he learned by rules of art, he would have known how to speak not of one theme only, but of all; and therefore God takes away the= minds of poets, and uses them as his ministers, as he also uses diviners and holy prophets, in order that we who hear the= m may know them to be speaking not of themselves who utter these priceless words in a state of unconsciousness, but that G= od himself is the speaker, and that through them he is conversing with us. And Tynnichus the Chalcidian affords a striking instance of what I am saying: he wrote nothing that any one would care to remem= ber but the famous paean which; in every one's mouth, one of = the finest poems ever written, simply an invention of the Mus= es, as he himself says. For in this w= ay, the God would seem to indicate to us and not allow us to doubt that these beautiful poems are not human, or the work of ma= n, but divine and the work of God; and that the poets are only t= he interpreters of the Gods by whom they are severally posse= ssed. Was not this the lesson which the God intended to teach w= hen by the mouth of the worst of poets he sang the best of songs= ? Am I not right, Ion?

Ion. Yes, indeed, Socrates, I feel that y= ou are; for your words touch my soul, and I am persuaded that good poets by a divine inspiration in= terpret the things of the Gods to us.

Soc. And you rhapsodists are the interpre= ters of the poets?

Ion. There again you are right.

Soc. Then you are the interpreters of interpreters?

Ion. Precisely.

Soc. I wish you would frankly tell me, Io= n, what I am going to ask of you: When you produce the great= est effect upon the audience in the recitation of some striki= ng passage, such as the apparition of Odysseus leaping forth= on the floor, recognized by the suitors and casting his arrows <= /a>at his feet, or the description of Achilles rushing at Hector, or the sorrows = of Andromache, Hecuba, or Priam<= span class=3DGramE>,- are you in your right mind? Are you not carried out of yourself, and does not your soul in an ecstasy seem to be among the persons or places of which you are speaking, whether they are in Ithaca or in Troy or whatever may be the scene of th= e poem?

Ion. That proof strikes home to me, Socra= tes. For I must frankly confess that at the tale of pity, my e= yes are filled with tears, and when I speak of horrors, my ha= ir stands on end and my heart throbs.

Soc. Well, Ion, and what are we to say of= a man who at a sacrifice or festival, when he is dressed in hol= iday attire and has golden crowns upon his head, of which nobo= dy has robbed him, appears sweeping or panic-stricken in the pre= sence of more than twenty thousand friendly faces, when there i= s no one despoiling or wronging him;- is he in his ri= ght mind or is he not?

Ion. No indeed, Socrates, I must say that, strictly speaking, he is not in his right mind.

Soc. And are you aware that you produce s= imilar effects on most spectators?

Ion. Only too well; for I look down upon = them from the stage, and behold the various emotions of pity, wonder, sternness, stamped upon their countenances when I= am speaking: and I am obliged to give my very best attention= to them; for if I make them cry I myself shall laugh, and if= I make them laugh I myself shall cry when the time of payment <= /a>arrives.

Soc. Do you know that the spectator is th= e last of the rings which, as I am saying, receive the power of = the original magnet from one another? The rhapsode like yourself and the actor are intermediate links, and t= he poet himself is the first of them. Through all these the God sways the souls of men in any direction which he pleases, and makes one man hang down from another. Thus there is a vast chain of dancers and masters and undermasters of c= horuses, who are suspended, as if from the stone, at the side of t= he rings which hang down from the Muse. And every p= oet has some Muse from whom he is suspended, and by whom he i= s said to be possessed, which is nearly the same thing; for he is taken hold of. And from these first rings, which are the = poets, depend others, some deriving their inspiration from Orphe= us, others from Musaeus; but the greater number are possessed and held by Homer. Of whom, Ion, you are one, a= nd are possessed by Homer; and when any one repeats the words of another poet you go to sleep, and know not what to say; b= ut when any one recites a strain of Homer you wake up in a m= oment, and your soul leaps within you, and you have plenty to sa= y; for not by art or knowledge about Homer do you say what you say, but by divine inspiration and by possession; just as the Cory= bantian revellers too have a quick pe= rception of that strain only which is appropriated to the God by w= hom they are possessed, and have plenty of dances and words f= or that, but take no heed of any other. And you, Ion, when the name of Homer is mentioned have plenty to say, and have nothing to s= ay of others. You ask, "Why is this?" The answer is t= hat you praise Homer not by art but by divine inspiration.

Ion. That is good, Socrates; and yet I do= ubt whether you will ever have eloquence enough to persuade m= e that I praise Homer only when I am mad and possessed; and if y= ou could hear me speak of him I am sure you would never thin= k this to be the case.

Soc. I should like very much to hear you,= but not until you have answered a question which I have to as= k. On what part of Homer do you speak well?= - not surely about every part.

Ion. There is no part, Socrates, about wh= ich I do not speak well of that I can assure you.

Soc. Surely not about things in Homer of which y= ou have no knowledge?

Ion. And what is there in Homer of which = I have no knowledge?

Soc. Why, does not Homer speak in many pa= ssages about arts? For example, about driving; if I can only rem= ember the lines I will repeat them.

Ion. I remember, and will repeat them.

Soc. Tell me then, what Nestor says to Antilochus, his son, where he bids = him be careful of the turn at the horse-race in honour= of Patroclus.

Ion. He says:

Bend ge= ntly in the polished chariot to the left of them, and urge the ho= rse on the right hand with whip and voice; and slacken the rein. And when you are at the goal, let the left horse draw near, yet so that the nave of the well-wrought wheel may not even seem to touc= h the extremity; and avoid catching the stone.

Soc. Enough. Now, Ion, will the chariotee= r or the physician be the better judge of the propriety of the= se lines?

Ion. The charioteer, = clearly.

Soc. And will the reason be that this is = his art, or will there be any other reason?

Ion. No, that will be the reason.

Soc. And every art is appointed by God to= have knowledge of a certain work; for that which we know by th= e art of the pilot we do not know by the art of medicine?

Ion. Certainly not.

Soc. Nor do we know by the art of the car= penter that which we know by the art of medicine? =

Ion. Certainly not.

Soc. And this is true of all the arts;- that which we know with one art w= e do not know with the other? But let me ask a prior question: You= admit that there are differences of arts?

Ion. Yes.

Soc. You would argue, as I should, that w= hen one art is of one kind of knowledge and another of anothe= r, they are different?

Ion. Yes.

Soc. Yes, surely; for if the subject of knowledge were the same, there would be no meaning in say= ing that the arts were different,- if they both gave the same knowledge. For example, I know that here are five fingers, and you know the same. And if I were to ask whether I and you became acquainted with this fact by the help of the same art of arithmetic,= you would acknowledge that we did?

Ion. Yes.

Soc. Tell me, then, what I was intending to ask you- whether this holds universally? Must the same art have the same subj= ect of knowledge, and different arts other subjects of knowledge= ?

Ion. That is my opinion, Socrates.

Soc. Then he who has no knowledge of a particular art will have no right judgment of the sayings= and doings of that art?

Ion. Very true.

Soc. Then which will be a better judge of= the lines which you were reciting from Homer, you or the charioteer?

Ion. The charioteer.<= /span>

Soc. Why, yes, because you are a rhapsode and not a charioteer.

Ion. Yes.

Soc. And the art of the rhapsode is different from that of the charioteer? <= /a>

Ion. Yes.

Soc. And if a differe= nt knowledge, then a knowledge of different matters? =

Ion. True.

Soc. You know the passage in which Hecamede, the concubine of Nestor, = is described as giving to the wounded Machaon a posset, as he says, <= /a>

Made with Pramnian wine; and she grated cheese = of goat's milk with a grater of bronze, and at his side plac= ed an onion which gives a relish to drink. Now would you say th= at the art of the rhapsode or the art of medicine was better able to judge of the propriety of these lines?=

Ion. The art of medic= ine.

Soc. And when Homer says, <= /a>

And she descended into the deep like a leaden plummet, which, set in the horn of ox that ranges in the fields, rushes along carrying death among the ravenous fishes,- will the art of the fisherman or= of the rhapsode be better able t= o judge whether these lines are rightly expressed or not?

Ion. Clearly, Socrate= s, the art of the fisherman.

Soc. Come now, suppose that you were to say to me: "Since you, Socrates, are able to assign different passages in Home= r to their corresponding arts, I wish that you would tell me w= hat are the passages of which the excellence ought to be judg= ed by the prophet and prophetic art"; and you will see how readily and truly I shall answer you. For there are many = such passages, particularly in the Odyssey; as, for example, the <= /a>passage in which Theoclymenus the prophet of the house = of Melampus says to the suitors:-

Wretched men! what is happening to you? Your hea= ds and your faces and your limbs underneath are shrouded in nigh= t; and the voice of lamentation bursts forth, and your cheeks ar= e wet with tears. And the vestibule is full, and the court is f= ull, of ghosts descending into the darkness of Erebus, and the= sun has perished out of heaven, and an evil mist is spread ab= road.

And there are many such passages in the Iliad also; as for example in the description of the battle near the rampart, where he = says:-

As they were eager to pass the ditch, there came to them an omen: a soaring eagle, holding back the people on the left, bore a huge bloody dragon in his talons, still living and panting; nor had he y= et resigned the strife, for he bent back and smote the bird = which carried him on the breast by the neck, and he in pain let= him fall from him to the ground into the midst of the multitu= de. And the eagle, with a cry, was borne afar on the wings of= the wind.

These are the sort of things which I should say that the prophet ought to consider and determine.

Ion. And you are quite right, Socrates, in saying so.

Soc. Yes, Ion, and you are right also. An= d as I have selected from the Iliad and Odyssey for you passages= which describe the office of the prophet and the physician and = the fisherman, do you, who know Homer so much better than I d= o, Ion, select for me passages which relate to the rhapsode and the rhapsode's art, and which the rhapsode ought to examine and judge of better than other men.

Ion. All passages, I should say, Socrates= .

Soc. Not all, Ion, surely. Have you alrea= dy forgotten what you were saying? A rh= apsode ought to have a better memory.

Ion. Why, what am I forgetting?

Soc. Do you not remember that you declare= d the art of the rhapsode to be dif= ferent from the art of the charioteer?

Ion. Yes, I remember. <= br>
Soc. And you admitted that being differen= t they would have different subjects of knowledge?

Ion. Yes.

Soc. Then upon your own showing the rhapsode, and the art of the rhapsode, will not know everything?

Ion. I should exclude certain things, Socrates.

Soc. You mean to say that you would exclu= de pretty much the subjects of the other arts. As he does no= t know all of them, which of them will he know?

Ion. He will know what a man and what a w= oman ought to say, and what a freeman and what a slave ought t= o say, and what a ruler and what a subject.
Soc. Do you mean that a rhapsode will know better than the pilot what the ruler of a sea-t= ossed vessel ought to say?

Ion. No; the pilot will know best.

Soc. Or will the rha= psode know better than the physician what the ruler of a sick m= an ought to say?

Ion. He will not.

Soc. But he will know what a slave ought = to say?

Ion. Yes.

Soc. Suppose the slave to be a cowherd; the rha= psode will know better than the cowherd what he ought to say in= order to soothe the infuriated cows?

Ion. No, he will not. <= br>
Soc. But he will know what a spinning-wom= an ought to say about the working of wool?

Ion. No.

Soc. At any rate he will know what a gene= ral ought to say when exhorting his soldiers? <= /a>

Ion. Yes, that is the sort of thing which= the rhapsode will be sure to know.

Soc. Well, but is the art of the rhapsode the art of the general?

Ion. I am sure that I should know what a general ought to say.

Soc. Why, yes, Ion, because you may possi= bly have a knowledge of the art of= the general as well as of the rhapsode; and you may= also have a knowledge of horsemanship as well as of the lyre: and= then you would know when horses were well or ill managed. But suppose I were to ask you: By the help of which art, Ion,= do you know whether horses are well managed, by your skill as a horseman or as a performer on the lyre- what would you an= swer?

Ion. I should reply, by my skill as a horseman.

Soc. And if you judged of performers on t= he lyre, you would admit that you judged of them as a perfor= mer on the lyre, and not as a horseman?

Ion. Yes.

Soc. And in judging of the general's art,= do you judge of it as a general or a rh= apsode?

Ion. To me there appears to be no differe= nce between them.

Soc. What do you mean? Do you mean to say= that the art of the rhapsode and o= f the general is the same?

Ion. Yes, one and the same.

Soc. Then he who is a good rhapsode is also a good general?

Ion. Certainly, Socrates. <= /a>

Soc. And he who is a good general is also= a good rhapsode? =

Ion. No; I do not say that.

Soc. But you do say that he who is a good= rhapsode is also a good general.

Ion. Certainly.

Soc. And you are the best of Hellenic rhapsodes?

Ion. Far the best, Socrates.

Soc. And are you the best general, Ion?

Ion. To be sure, Socrates; and Homer was = my master.

Soc. But then, Ion, what in the name of goodness can be the reason why you, who are the best of generals as well as the best of rhap= sodes in all Hellas, go about as a rhapsode when you might be a general? <= /a>Do you think that the Hellenes want a rhapsode with his golden crown, and do not want a general?

Ion. Why, Socrates, the reason is, that my countrymen, the Ephesians, are the servants and soldiers = of Athens, and do not need a general; and you and Sparta are= not likely to have me, for you think that you have enough gen= erals of your own.

Soc. My good Ion, did you never hear of <= span class=3DSpellE>Apollodorus of Cyzicus?

Ion. Who may he be?

Soc. One who, though a foreigner, has oft= en been chosen their general by the Athenians: and there is = Phanosthenes of Andros, and Heraclides of Clazomenae,= whom they have also appointed to the command of their armies a= nd to other offices, although aliens, after they had shown their merit. And will they not choose Ion the Ephesian to be their general, and honour = him, if he prove himself worthy? Were not the Ephesians originally Athenians, and Ephesus is no mean city? But, indeed, Ion, if you are correct in = saying that by art and knowledge you are able to praise Homer, you do not deal fairly with me, and after all your professions of knowing many, glorious things about Homer, and promises that you would exh= ibit them, you are only a deceiver, and so far from exhibiting= the art of which you are a master, will not, even after my re= peated entreaties, explain to me the nature of it. You have lite= rally as many forms as Proteus; and now you go all manner of ways, twisting and turning, and, like Proteus, become = all manner of people at once, and at last slip away from me in the disguise of a general, in order that you may escape exhibiting your H= omeric lore. And if you have art, then, as I was saying, in fals= ifying your promise that you would exhibit Homer, you are not de= aling fairly with me. But if, as I believe, you have no art, but speak all these beautiful words about Homer unconsciously= under his inspiring influence, then I acquit you of dishonesty,= and shall only say that you are inspired. Which do you prefer to be thought, dishonest or inspired?

Ion. There is a great difference, Socrate= s, between the two alternatives; and inspiration is by far t= he nobler.

Soc. Then, Ion, I shall assume the nobler alternative; and attribute to you in your praises of Homer inspiration, and not art.

THE END